Heparin is a widely used anticoagulant (blood thinner) medication that helps prevent the formation and growth of blood clots by enhancing the activity of antithrombin III, which in turn inhibits key clotting enzymes in the blood. It is essential for managing conditions like deep vein thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, atrial fibrillation, and during many surgical, dialysis, or intensive care procedures.
There are multiple forms of heparin:
Unfractionated heparin (UFH), which has a broad molecular weight range and is usually administered intravenously when rapid and adjustable anticoagulation is needed.
Low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), which has more predictable pharmacokinetics, can often be given subcutaneously, and has fewer monitoring requirements.
Ultra-low molecular weight or synthetic heparins, which are being developed to provide even more precise dosing, potentially lower side effects, and alternatives to animal-derived sources.
Key aspects include mode of administration (intravenous, subcutaneous), source (animal-derived vs synthetic or biosynthetic), safety considerations (bleeding risk, immune reactions, heparin-induced thrombocytopenia), and compatibility particularly in critical settings (surgery, dialysis, etc.). Medical users range from hospitals and clinics to outpatient settings. There is also attention on delivery formats (prefilled syringes, safer handling), regulatory safety and quality, supply chain reliability, and emerging needs as patient populations age or chronic cardiovascular and renal disease burdens rise.